Correlation of Clinical Profile and Electroencephalographic Finding in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Single-Center Experience from Bangladesh

Background: Perinatal asphyxia and resultant hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is not an uncommon phenomenon in a developing country, like Bangladesh. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is regarded as an effective prognostic tool. Correlation of clinical profiles and EEG findings of HIE patients arenot commonly observed in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to observe the clinical profile and EEG changes in different stages of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and compare them in a tertiary care hospital.Material & Methods:This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted for a period of six months in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Sarnat and Sarnat score was used to classify HIE. 20 asphyxiated neonates without HIE were selected as the control group (group II) while 30asphyxiated neonates with HIE, were selected as the case group (group I) by purposive sampling. Clinical profiles, EEG findings, and immediate outcomes were observed and compared between the two groups.Results:73.3% patients were delivered at term and 30% patients were delivered at home in group I. 70% patients’ delivery were conducted by doctor in group I and 75% in group II. 63.3% patients had meconium stain in group I and 25% in group II, which was found significant. 46.7% had prolong labor in group I and 20% in group II, 40% had premature ruptured membrane (PROM) in group I and 40% in group II. Hypothermia, weak primitive reflexes, hypotonia, lethargy and seizure were significantly higher in group I. Changes in EEG correlated between the two groups and was found significant. Also, patients in group I, needed prolong hospital stay.Conclusions:The clinical profiles and EEG changes in patients with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was concluded that there is significant association with meconium stain, seizure, hypothermia, weak primitive reflexes, lethargic, miosis, hypotonia, poor APGAR score, burst suppression & SET findings in EEG and prolonged hospital stay in prenatal asphyxia with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Ethanol Extract of Perillae Herba Enhances Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep through GABA(A)-ergic Systems

Perillae Herba has been traditionally used for the sedation in the oriental countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether Perillae Herba ethanol extract (PHEE) enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors in animals. In addition, the possible mechanisms are demonstrated. PHEE (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. p.o.) reduced the locomotor activity in mice. PHEE reduced sleep latency and augmented the total sleep time in pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep in mice. Furthermore, the number of sleeping mice treated with sub-hypnotic pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.) increased. PHEE (50 mg/kg. p.o.) decreased the sleep/wake cycles and wakefulness, and increased total sleeping time and NREM sleep in electroencephalogram (EEG) of rats. In addition, PHEE (0.1, 1.0 and 10 µg/ml) increased the intracellular Cl⁻ level through the GABA receptors in the hypothalamus of rats. Moreover, the protein of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was overexpressed by PFEE. It was found that PHEE enhanced pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through GABA(A)-ergic transmissions.

Sinomenine, an Alkaloid Derived from Sinomenium acutum Potentiates Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Behaviors and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep in Rodents

Sinomenium acutum has been long used in the preparations of traditional medicine in Japan, China and Korea for the treatment of various disorders including rheumatism, fever, pulmonary diseases and mood disorders. Recently, it was reported that Sinomenium acutum, has sedative and anxiolytic effects mediated by GABA-ergic systems. These experiments were performed to investigate whether sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic systems, and modulates sleep architecture in mice. Oral administration of SIN (40 mg/kg) markedly reduced spontaneous locomotor activity, similar to diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) in mice. SIN shortened sleep latency, and increased total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner when co-administrated with pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN also increased the number of sleeping mice and total sleep time by concomitant administration with the sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN reduced the number of sleep-wake cycles, and increased total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In addition, SIN also increased chloride influx in the primary cultured hypothalamic neuronal cells. Furthermore, protein overexpression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65/67)) and GABA(A) receptor subunits by western blot were found, being activated by SIN. In conclusion, SIN augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through GABA(A)-ergic systems, and increased NREM sleep. It could be a candidate for the treatment of insomnia.

The teaching strategies of clinical EEG for refresher doctors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The electroencephalography (EEG) has a wide range of content, complex graphics and abstract theory. Meanwhile, there are differences in professional level, learning ability and subjective initia-tive among refresher doctors. In order to improve the quality of teaching, and to better serve the refresher doctors, the following strategies have been applied in the teaching process. We not only make the training target according to the actual condition of every refresher doctors, but also make them take a correct atti-tude towards study and follow the teaching arrangement. Besides, we not only orient at the operational skills training, including electrode installation, EEG evoked test, Point-of-Care test to eliminate the interference, but also promote the refresher doctors to seek the law of the diagram in the actual interpretation process with longitudinal development view and horizontal comparison perspective. Furthermore, we not only stan-dardize their report, but also broaden their view.

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, One of Constituents from Gastrodiae Rhizoma Augments Pentobarbital-induced Sleeping Behaviors and Non-rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep in Rodents

In the previous experiments, we reported that ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma, the dried tuber of Gastrodia ElataBlume (Orchidaceae) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors. These experiments were undertaken to know whether 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBD), is one of the major compounds of Gastrodiae Rhizoma increases pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors and changes sleep architectures via activating GABA(A)-ergic systems in rodents. 4-HBD decreased locomotor activity in mice. 4-HBD increased total sleep time, and decreased of sleep onset by pentobarbital (28 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg). 4-HBD showed synergistic effects with muscimol (a GABA(A) receptor agonist), shortening sleep onset and enhancing sleep time on pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors. On the other hand, 4-HBD (200 mg/kg, p.o.) itself significantly inhibited the counts of sleep-wake cycles, and prolonged total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) in rats. Moreover, 4-HBD increased intracellular Cl- levels in the primary cultured cerebellar cells. The protein levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA(A) receptors subunits were over-expressed by 4-HBD. Consequently, these results demonstrate that 4-HBD increased NREM sleep as well as sleeping behaviors via the activation of GABA(A)-ergic systems in rodents.

EEG Characteristics of Full-Term Neonatal Seizures Confirmed by Electrical Seizure / 대한간질학회지

PURPOSE: Neonatal seizure is the most significant parameter of neurological insult, however its pathophysiology and diagnostic consensus is still controversial. We performed this study to investigate the characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) in neonatal seizures, to validate the efficacy of radiological studies, and to estimate the occurrence of further subsequent epileptic seizures. METHODS: Seventeen patients with full-term neonatal seizure confirmed by electrical seizure were enrolled. Mean birth weight is 3.29 kg, and mean duration of follow-up is 22.7 months. Medical records and EEG were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Subtle seizure is the most common seizure type: subtle seizure in 6 (35%), subtle seizure with focal clonic seizure in 2(12%). In 12 patients (71%), abnormal background activities were observed, and trace discontinua is the most common abnormal finding. Ictal EEGs were mostly localized into unilateral posterior quadrant in 11 (64%), however, the remained were localized into the frontal area. Brain USG did not reveal any abnormal finding in 9 patients (53%), whereas brain MRI didn't in 4 patients (25%). Brain MRI found abnormal findings in 5 out of 9 patients with negative brain USG result. Subsequent epileptic seizures followed in 7 patients (44%). Conclusion: Background activity is still useful as an indirect marker of neonatal seizure. Different generation or propagation mechanism can be suggested in that ictal EEGs were often localized into the frontal area in minor portion. Brain MRI is more sensitive than brain USG, especially in case of cerebral infarct or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Clinical Aspects and EEG Analysis in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the clinical aspects and related EEG characteristics of epilepsy (EP) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods The clinical data and the EEG Results of seizure-interictal-period in 84 CP children complicated with EP were collected and compared with the data of 124 CP children without EP.Results Among 84 CP children complicated with EP, 46 cases (54.76%) were partial seizures. Followed 26 cases (30.95%) were infantile spasms, 6 cases (7.14%) were tonic-clonic seizures. Spastic CP children tended to be the most patients seizures in EP, it was 82.14%. Children with teraplegia CP were the most type among the spastic CP children compliated with EP. The abnormal rate of EEG of CP children complicated with EP was significantly higher than that of CP children without EP ( P＜0.001), and local epilptiform discharges and multilocal epileptiform discharges were main types.Conclusion Partial seizures is the most epilepsy type in CP children complicated with EP, and spastic CP is the main type. EEG abnormal ratio is obviously higher in the CP children complicated with EP than the CP children without EP. The types of abnormal EEG are mainly local epilptiform discharges and multilocal epileptiform discharges.

Timer Role of Blood Circulation when Brain Processing Information / 现代生物医学进展

Since the year 2006,I have posted evidences and papers on magazine,webs,and conference.(Ⅰ)Those posts and papers discuss relationship among origin of EEGs,information processing in brain,and blood circulation.(Ⅱ)Those posts and papers suggest that blood circulation plays the role of basic timer when brain processing information;Suggest one possible molecular mechanism of this'olood cycle timer'.In the molecular mechanism,H+,O2,working mechanism of microcirculation system,H+seats of NMDA receptor are key factors.(Ⅲ)Those posts and papers suggest that the sense of'time passes'is the sense of'press'that comes of blood flowing in brain.The sense of'a physical continuous process'is constituted by two senses:(i)Sense of'press'(ii)Sense come from'a sequence of active metadata'.This paper is a review of those evidences and papers.Section 1 gives a description of the model.Section 2～5 give the evidences supporting the model,and clarify some problems.Section 6～8 use the model to explain some phenomena of neuroscience(e.g.Origin of alpha wave,EEGs from kinds of sleep phases,etc.).

Timer Role of Blood Circulation when Brain Processing Information / 现代生物医学进展

Since the year 2006,I have posted evidences and papers on magazine,webs,and conference.(Ⅰ)Those posts and papers discuss relationship among origin of EEGs,information processing in brain,and blood circulation.(Ⅱ)Those posts and papers suggest that blood circulation plays the role of basic timer when brain processing information;Suggest one possible molecular mechanism of this'olood cycle timer'.In the molecular mechanism,H+,O2,working mechanism of microcirculation system,H+seats of NMDA receptor are key factors.(Ⅲ)Those posts and papers suggest that the sense of'time passes'is the sense of'press'that comes of blood flowing in brain.The sense of'a physical continuous process'is constituted by two senses:(i)Sense of'press'(ii)Sense come from'a sequence of active metadata'.This paper is a review of those evidences and papers.Section 1 gives a description of the model.Section 2～5 give the evidences supporting the model,and clarify some problems.Section 6～8 use the model to explain some phenomena of neuroscience(e.g.Origin of alpha wave,EEGs from kinds of sleep phases,etc.).

Timer Role of Blood Circulation when Brain Processing Information / 现代生物医学进展

Since the year 2006,I have posted evidences and papers on magazine,webs,and conference.(Ⅰ)Those posts and papers discuss relationship among origin of EEGs,information processing in brain,and blood circulation.(Ⅱ)Those posts and papers suggest that blood circulation plays the role of basic timer when brain processing information;Suggest one possible molecular mechanism of this'olood cycle timer'.In the molecular mechanism,H+,O2,working mechanism of microcirculation system,H+seats of NMDA receptor are key factors.(Ⅲ)Those posts and papers suggest that the sense of'time passes'is the sense of'press'that comes of blood flowing in brain.The sense of'a physical continuous process'is constituted by two senses:(i)Sense of'press'(ii)Sense come from'a sequence of active metadata'.This paper is a review of those evidences and papers.Section 1 gives a description of the model.Section 2～5 give the evidences supporting the model,and clarify some problems.Section 6～8 use the model to explain some phenomena of neuroscience(e.g.Origin of alpha wave,EEGs from kinds of sleep phases,etc.).

Clinical Attack Type and Electroencephalogram Features of 36 Cerebral Palsy Children with Epilepsy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the clinical type of attack and electroencephalogram (EEG) features of cerebral palsy (CP) children with epilepsy (EP).MethodsThe EEGs of 36 CP cases with EP were recorded under natural circumstances.Results20 cases (55.6%) had focal high amplitude spikes and wave complexes; 4 cases (11.1%) had typical hypsarrhythmia; 3 cases (8.3%) had varied hypsarrhythmia. Among them, the spikes and wave complexes of 9 cases were bilateral.ConclusionThe most of the clinical attack and EEG characters of CP children with EP are partial type.

Application of EEG non-linear analysis in mental arithmetic and orientation / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of non-linear dynamics characteristic of electroencephalogram (EEG) under three states (eyes closed, mental arithmetic with eyes closed and orientation test with eyes closed), and the application of non-linear dynamic analysis for cognitive function research.MethodsEEG was recorded in 30 healthy young volunteers at three stages. The correlation dimension (D2) and approximate entropy (ApEn) were calculated for all subjects.ResultsD2 and ApEn increased significantly during mental tasks as compared to the rest state with eyes closed (P<0.01). In different mental tasks, the complexity of mental functions and the regions involved in the cognitive task were different.ConclusionNon-linear analysis methods are appropriate for the study of cognitive functions and can help to understand the working mechanism of brain during mental activities.

Preliminary research of epilepsy brain electricity based on SVM algorithm / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To select algorithm for noninvasive EEG screening of epilepsy patients with a view to early detection and reduction of the incidence of epilepsy,morbidity and mortality.Methods Electroencephalogram(EEG)signal characteristics of the normal and epilepsy wave were extracted,automatically identified and classified based on support vector machine(SVM) analysis with a view to achieving epilepsy automatic scale screening.Results The EEG characteristics energy displayed by the model between epilepsy patients and healthy people could be divided obviously.As a new machine learning methods,SVM had a strong ability to generalize.EEG signals based on the algorithm of the classification would become diagnosis of epilepsy patients misprision of a new viable avenue.Conclusion SVM is suitable for the limited samples(small samples).The spontaneous EEG classification with SVM can achieve better results,so it can be used to epileptic EEG abnormality screening.

The effect of oxysophoridine on electric activities and its power spectrums of cerebral frontal cortex in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effect of oxysophori-dine( OSR) on the EEG changes and its power spectrums of cerebral frontal cortex in anaesthetized rats. Methods With the equipment of brain stereotactic apparatus,electrode was implanted into frontal lobe of cerebral cortex in rats. Unipolar lead and computerized FFT technique were employed to record the index of EEG,power spectrum and frequency distributions to analyze the effect of OSR on the bioelectricity altera-tions of frontal lobe in cerebral cortexi in rats. Results Administrated( icv) with OSR at the dose of 2. 5,5, 10 mg/rat in rats,the EEG of frontal lobe of cerebral cortex was mainly featured by low amplitude and slow waves accompanied by spindle-formed sleeping waves with a significant decrease of total power of EEG( P

Effect of Negative Air Ion in Human Electroencephalogram / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

High levels of negative ions have been detected in the air in forests, at spas, near waterfalls, and so forth, and there have been reported that they have a favorable effect on human beings' feeling of comfort and their feeling of fatigue. In this study we prepared an experimental room in which it was possible to maintain temperature constant at 25°C and constant humidity, and turn the supply of negative ions on and off, and in addition to assessing comfort level and fatigue level subjectively, we assessed them by means of the -wave component of the EEG, which indicates the degree of relaxation, and by auditory evoked potential P300, which reflects attentiveness and degree of fatigue.<br>Methods: The subjects were 15 healthy physicians and nurses. The experiment was conducted in a room maintained at a constant temperature of 25°C and a constant humidity of 50% during a 2-hour period on different days without informing the subjects of whether the air was loaded with negative ions or not. Constant temperature and humidity were maintained, and the level of negative ions was adjusted by using a shinki genertor (Geochto Ltd.). The parameters measured were determined with a flicker test and P300 (auditory evoked) test, and the α-wave ratio was calculated from the 60-minute closed-eye resting EEG.<br>Results: A higher percentage of subjects reported subjective comfort when the air was loaded with neagtive ions (6/15, 40%) than when it was not (4/15, 27%).<br>Significant difference was not observed in the P300 tests, but the α₂ (10-13Hz) ratio of the EEG and flicker test tended to be higher with negative ion-air than without nagative ion-air.

Analysis of epileptic electroencephalogram based on multi-variable state space reconstruction / 医疗卫生装备

Based on the high-dimension chaos characteristics of electroencephalogram(EEG) and the analysis by the multi-variable state space reconstruction,better estimation of the correlative dimension can be obtained by dividing the brain into two parts and using eight EEG channels as the reconstruction samples.Lorenz system was firstly tested by request of the amount of data to test the feasibility of the algorithms.After Comparing the high-dimension data of the EEG of epileptic patients with the results of control subjects,it is indicated that the multi-variable state space reconstruction is applicable in short time noise-containing time sequences to obtain reliable results and can free the researchers from the hard choice of delay time and embedding dimension.

Design of novel amplifying and detecting circuit of EEG / 医疗卫生装备

By designing the circuit structure of preamplifier and selecting new elements such as ultra low noise operational amplifier and linear opto-coupler,some difficulties in EEG acquisition is overcome and the Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR) of preamplifier is highly increased.So EEG can be amplified and detected well.